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=======literature review



Literature Review

Global Value Chains (GVCs) and Women's Participation



Research indicates that integration into GVCs can have significant impacts on women's labor force participation (Barrientos et al., 2004). GVCs often create new job opportunities, especially in labor-intensive manufacturing sectors.

In the context of Indonesia, the presence of GVCs in the manufacturing sector has expanded women's access to more formal and organized employment, increasing women's labor force participation (Pieters, 2018).

The Role of Education and Training



Education and training play a crucial role in enhancing women's abilities and skills, enabling them to participate more actively in more advanced economic sectors such as manufacturing (Becker, 1993). Improved literacy and gender equality in primary and secondary education enhance women's qualifications to enter more technical and skilled manufacturing sectors (UNESCO, 2015).

Government Policy Influence



Supportive government policies, such as inclusive labor laws and vocational training programs, play a crucial role in increasing women's labor force participation (Ghosh, 2013). Initiatives such as gender-based skills training programs and the provision of women-friendly work facilities can encourage more women to enter and remain in the manufacturing sector (ILO, 2016).




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