The Great Pyramid at Giza

Abstract: The complexity, precision and size of the Great Pyramid are contrasted to the simplicity of pharaohs’ tombs. It is proposed that it is a plutonium mill. Its perfection of construction and choice of materials are compared against all other pyramids. The current history of plutonium production is related. The internal geometry of the pyramid is given correspondence to the process steps of breeding plutonium, separating plutonium from other material, disposing of radioactive waste, using water and producing hydroelectric power. The practical value of plutonium and the economic justification of the pyramid are discussed. Later attempts by the Egyptians to recreate the power and value of the pyramid are analyzed. Scientific methods for testing whether or not nuclear fission occurred within the pyramid are defined.
Introduction

The Great Pyramid at Giza has remained a complete mystery in modern times. When was it built? Who built it? Above all else, what is it? Conventional Egyptology declares that all pyramids were tombs for the pharaohs.

The sophistication, required technology and cost of the Great Pyramid conflict with the thought that it is simply a tomb. This level of effort for a burial place stretches common sense to the breaking point.

To quote Alan Alford (The Phoenix Solution) “Is it so crazy to suggest that the unique design of the Great Pyramid was a legacy from an earlier, more advanced culture? In my view, it is certainly much less crazy than continuing to believe that the Pyramid was constructed as a tomb for a dead king, and that he built this totally over-engineered and revolutionary wonder of the world with absolute perfection at the first attempt.”

His statement was the genesis of this paper.

It is proposed here that the Great Pyramid was a nuclear fission production mill, and it was a technical and financial success. It did not create energy but packaged energy within artificially created isotopes of plutonium. This hypothesis is not fantastic in the sense that it would be a physical impossibility but is fantastic only in the fact that it upsets the conventional history of man. The case for this claim is developed in the remainder of this paper. The approach is to drop preconceptions about religion and culture, and look upon the Great Pyramid as a business investment.

The Development of Nuclear Energy

The awareness and confirmation of the release of a vast amount of energy from nuclear fission was realized in the late 1930s. The Second World War was initiated at the same time. The entire realm of nuclear fission quickly became hostage to the war and was placed under military control. It was developed not in terms of a new source of energy for civilization but as a weapon of destruction: the fission bomb.

There were two routes to making bomb material. The first avenue involved the extraction of the fissionable isotope U-235 from uranium ore, which is almost entirely non-fissionable U-238. The natural U-235 concentration of 0.72% weight fraction had to be purified to 80% weight fraction. This concentration can be made to go supercritical, or in other words, a bomb detonation. This type of purification is extremely difficult and involves hundreds of stages of separation because the only difference between the two uranium isotopes is their very slight weight difference. This separation was considered so difficult, that an alternate route for making bomb material was also pursued during the war.

If a sufficient amount of uranium ore is placed in the correct geometry with a “moderator”, such as graphite or water, the neutrons released by U-235 can be used to create Plutonium 239 from U-238. Pu-239 is bomb material and is chemically distinct from uranium. It can be chemically separated from reacted uranium ore by solvent extraction. This procedure is immensely easier and simpler than U-235 purification. Furthermore, a great deal of Pu-239 can be produced from the minute fraction of U-235 in uranium ore. This route was pursued at Hanford, Washington.

The natural fission of U-235 releases two to three neutrons which have high velocity. If these neutrons are allowed to pass through graphite or water, collisions with the nuclei lower the speed of the neutrons and reflect them back into the uranium ore where they can cause more fission of U-235 and can be absorbed by U-238 nuclei. This absorption creates Pu-239. The Pu-239 can also undergo fission from returning neutrons, which releases two to three neutrons. These neutrons can be reflected back into the uranium ore to create even more plutonium. The capacity for a rapid geometric growth in plutonium is “unlimited” and there can be a runaway reaction if the system is not carefully controlled. Control rods, which absorb neutrons, can be inserted into the reactor core to rapidly reduce the population of neutrons. This control material not only can prevent a runaway reaction but it can be used to bring the entire fissioning process to a halt. Alternatively, if the graphite or water is suddenly removed from close proximity to the uranium ore, the fissioning process will also come to a halt.

If a nuclear core is run improperly and undergoes a runaway reaction, the energy release will physically blow the reactor apart and the runaway reaction will stop. Such an event does not measure up to a fission bomb detonation by several orders of magnitude. It does constitute a conventional size thermal explosion and creates a radioactive mess. This happened at Chernobyl, which used graphite.

If a nuclear core that was set up to create bomb grade plutonium is run too long, other isotopes of plutonium will be created. If their concentration reaches 7% or more of all plutonium, then the plutonium cannot be used for a fission bomb. The other plutonium isotopes interfere with the growth in neutron population being created by Pu-239 and the material cannot go supercritical. However, this mix of plutonium isotopes can be used to produce energy for civilized use.

This fact is the technical and economic basis for breeder reactors. Such a reactor produces an amount of useful energy and also creates more nuclear fuel than it consumes. Through the breeding process, the amount of useful nuclear fuel within U-238 ore can be increased almost one hundred times. This process constitutes a highly profitable venture, if properly designed.

Because plutonium was used in two of the first three fission bombs, which were used in war, the public perception of plutonium is limited to its use in fission bombs. It is not perceived as an energy source and is considered to be evil. In actuality, plutonium is inanimate; does not possess the capacity of morality, and cannot make decisions. Its behavior is completely predictable. Commercial nuclear reactors are officially powered by uranium. In reality, one third of the energy production comes from plutonium, because it is made and consumed in the reactor core.

At Hanford, Washington, nine nuclear breeder reactors were built in succession for the sole purpose of making bomb grade plutonium. About 15 monstrous process plants were also built to process the spent reactor cores, and extract and purify plutonium, and segregate radioactive waste. The production of energy was a secondary issue. The operating lifespan of these units was short; none being longer than 21 years. Although graphite was used at Hanford, water can also be used as a moderator. In addition, a flow through of water around the reactor can take away the released energy in the form of hot water or steam. This limits the temperature of the reactor and prevents a “meltdown”.

Official Egyptian History of The Great Pyramid

The history of the ancient Egyptian civilization was recorded in hieroglyphics cut into stone. Even when “paint” was used on the stone, the symbolization was first cut into the stone. None of these stone records attribute the Great Pyramid to a pharaoh or anyone else. There is no record of when it was built, why was it built or what its purpose was. There are no symbols cut into the stone of the Great Pyramid. The only symbolism found was “discovered” by Howard Vyse in 1837 in a recess above the Kings Chamber which was not accessible until Vyse blew open a path to it with black powder. It consisted of only pigment and is considered highly suspect. The symbols were completely out of character with how and where ancient hieroglyphics were done. Therefore, Vyse’s claim that Khufu built the Great Pyramid is in extreme doubt.

There is no artistic expression to the pyramid. To quote Alan Alford “the builders of the Great Pyramid seem to have been concerned only with accuracy and stark functionality.” Nothing was found inside the pyramid, which related it to any pharaoh by attribution or by possessions. The sarcophagus bears no resemblance to any coffin for a pharaoh.

Technical Construction of The Great Pyramid

The accuracy and the precision of the Great Pyramid both at the level of individual blocks, and as a whole, are without precedent. Modern day engineers are at a loss as to how it was done. The tools described as necessary for the cutting of stone and the positioning of stone have never been found nor are they referred to in ancient records. The precise cutting of granite, including precise interior surfaces, requires complex, powered machinery with industrial diamond bits. The raising and exact positioning of granite blocks as heavy as 80 tons to heights as much as 300 feet above grade would require huge, powerful cranes – according to current industrial practice. It is simply beyond the capacity of wooden structures and human laborers. The entire positioning of the whole structure is so accurate that modern, surveying, optical equipment would seem to be an absolute necessity.

The interior fit of stones in the Kings Chamber and Great Gallery appears to be almost watertight. A mortar was used which had a higher hardness than the stones it was used on. The mortar was analyzed for elemental content but it has not been duplicated.

The construction has a hard industrial signature rather than an artistic one.

Material Contrasts With Other Pyramids

All other pyramids show a pronounced degradation in quality of materials, in the cutting of materials and in their assembly. Hard granite was used very little in contrast to the Great Pyramid and not used in the same manner – with mild exceptions in the Second Pyramid and the Red Pyramid. In the Second Pyramid, the sarcophagus was also cut from hard granite. It has been observed that this sarcophagus was apparently better cut than the sarcophagus in the Great Pyramid. The answer to this curious exception is very revealing and will be explained further on.

Functional Nature of The Great Pyramid

A fundamental axiom of engineering is that form follows function. An engineered system must be fabricated and assembled in accordance to the functions it must perform. Variance from this axiom, for the sake of economy, as an example, will result in failure of function. A subsequent corollary is that a system, which is operated, will wear out. A stronger design will give a longer life. The claim that a process plant has been over engineered will make a startup engineer’s blood boil. Any engineer assigned to operating a process plant will immediately embrace the philosophy of “build it once, build it right”.



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