Yak-44E Aircraft Radar Surveillance.

Yak-44E - carrier-based aircraft radar surveillance, guidance and control systems and electronic countermeasures. This machine was developed in the mid-1970s in the OKB. Yakovlev. Throughout the years, the creation of an airplane headed AS Yakovlev, Levinskikh AA Yakovlev SA Dondukov and AN, and from January 1991 until the closing of the project theme Yak-44 led Mit'kin VA Prototype for the Yak-44 served as the U.S. E-2 "Hawkeye". It was assumed that the aircraft will be based on the nuclear aircraft carrier project 1143.7 "Ulyanovsk". In addition, the plane had to go into service aviation Border. Due to difficulties in the development of on-board equipment was delayed establishment of an aircraft. Layout was built Yak-44, the first public demonstration in 1992 at the Moscow air show.

Development of ship AEW aircraft Yak-44E is directly related to the creation of Soviet aircraft carriers, as well as the constant growth of the importance of information security actions of naval aviation, especially at a great distance from the aerodrome.
As is known, the formation of concepts of creation and use of aircraft carriers in the USSR and later in Russia has been very inconsistent and contradictory decisions, leading to similar decisions during the development of technical policies and building aircraft for these vessels.

Indeed, the modern Russian aircraft carrier fleet consists of only one ship and two dozen Su-33. However, even these forces belonging to the naval group, helpless, if there is no timely information about the surface and air enemy that most effectively provide only ship radar picket aircraft guidance and acting as a part of an aircraft carrier air group.

The problem of information security ship groupings solved by installing special. radio complex on different platforms, which are considered as planes, helicopters, balloons, tiltrotor, blimps, drones, as well as the court. Currently, the most effective platforms recognized aircraft. The most successful project in this area is AEW aircraft Yak-44E developed OKB. Yakovlev. Creation of this aircraft preceded the promising aircraft carriers.

In 1968, simultaneously with the development of anti-submarine cruisers of project 1143 Nevsky Design Bureau began investigations image carrier catapult takeoff aircraft (Project 1160).

Initially the current carrier aircraft armament included multipurpose MiG-23A with a swept wing subsonic aircraft antisubmarine P-42, ship supersonic attack aircraft Su-24K with a swept wing and deck Ka-252.
But in 1972, a preliminary design of an aircraft carrier ship options included several frontline Su-27 fighter. Now Air Group consisted of 12 Su-29K or Su-27K, 12 Su-28K, 4 scouts designators Sioux 28KRTS, 6 ASW aircraft P-42, 4 aircraft P-42 in the embodiment of radar surveillance and guidance and 8 helicopters ASW Ka-252.


Subsonic aircraft antisubmarine P-42 was designed OKB. Beriev according to the commission's decision to the Council of Ministers of the USSR military-industrial issues from June 5, 1971. P-42 under the general scheme largely repeated ASW aircraft of the U.S. Navy S-3 "Viking". Machine performed on the schematic of high wing with moderate sweep, classic trapezoidal fins with rudders and height and two engines D-36 under the wing in the gondola.

Takeoff was carried out with the ship's catapults and chassis design and airframe calculated for arresting gear landing with braking. Kiel and wing P-42 for space-saving storage in the hangar deck of an aircraft carrier and develop.

Besides the basic variant ASW planned development options deck aircraft radar patrol, tanker, transport, search and rescue, etc. Development of preliminary design P-42 was completed in 1972. In 1976 he was to begin flight testing of a prototype aircraft.

The first was a set design aircraft antisubmarine P-42, and the development of P-42 variant radar surveillance and guidance postponed. But fighters aviagroup ship project in 1160 to provide effective air defense ship connections might not, that was the main task of an aircraft carrier, as to control their fighting missing ship radar picket aircraft.

In the spring of 1976 on the basis of the executed NPKB elaborations on aircraft carriers government decreed the establishment in 1976-1977, and the establishment by 1985 of two nuclear aircraft carriers project 1153. These vessels on the concept of the project in 1160 is not much different, but their wing decreased from 60-70 to 50 aircraft.

Built from heavy aircraft carriers project 1153 in November 1977 was rejected and the subsequent construction of vessels of 1143, starting with the fifth, decided to implement given based not only Ka-252 and VTOL Yak-141, but the Su-25K and Su- 27K - aircraft catapult takeoff.

First Yak-44 is mentioned in the terms of reference for the development of the heavy aircraft carrier project 11435 of November 1980 as a radar patrol aircraft, which is part of the wing of an aircraft carrier. The project involved the creation of 11 435 ships with a displacement of 55 tons of aviation with a group of 46 aircraft (AEW aircraft Yak-44E, MiG-29K, Su-27K, the Yak-141 and Ka-27PS and Ka-27). In the future from the present TTZ refused, after which the aircraft carrier air wing was created for the project 11437 "Ulyanovsk". Option-based aerodrome planned to deliver to the Air Force.

In April 1981 it was decided to upgrade the second building under heavy aircraft carrier project 11434 in the direction of increasing vessel Air Group 40 aircraft with the inclusion of the MiG-29K and Su-27K. In the bow of the flight deck for takeoff fighters included the construction of the ramp.


Photos on the memory layout after the test operation of the Yak-44E on the aircraft carrier "Tbilisi" pr.11435, September 1990 (http://forums.airbase.ru)

Layout Yak-44E on the flight deck of aircraft carrier "Tbilisi" pr.11435, senyatbr 1990 (http://forums.airbase.ru)

Full-scale model aircraft Yak-44E AWACS (http://militaryphotos.net)

To inform the courts of carrier grouping and control of combat operations in the Fleet Air Arm fighter aircraft carrier project 11434 included radar surveillance aircraft and guidance Yak-44E. Development of Yak-44E was given the Yakovlev Design Bureau in 1979.

By November 1979 OKB. Yakovlev those prepared. proposal to design aircraft with basing on the deck of an aircraft carrier or land aerodromes. Considered two options radio complex - "Torch" (radar housed inside the fuselage in the stern and bow) and E-700 (all-around antenna placed above the fuselage on the pylon). In March 1980, at a meeting with SG Gorshkov, Commander of the Navy of the Soviet Union, it was decided to create a plane with radio systems "Torch".

Due to significant problems when creating radio complex "Torch" in March 1983 to develop appropriate aircraft project stopped. In October 1984, in connection with the refusal of the Navy version of the aircraft deck project Airborne Warning and Control An-71, continued work on the Yak-44E without lifting engines equipped Turbopropfan engines and radar antenna E-700 on the fuselage on the pylon. In September 1988, a preliminary design has been prepared by a new version of the aircraft. In January 1989, the Council of Ministers adopted a resolution on the establishment of a multi-purpose radar patrol aircraft Yak-44E radio systems with E-700. In June 1989, the detailed design was started. Produced full-sized structural and technological layout and model in 1:5 scale designed for radio research. To test the engine D-27 laboratory-created plane Yak-42LL. TsAGI in the period from 1988 to 1991 carried out a study on the dynamics of the Yak-deck 44RLD and safety during take-off using a springboard.



Flight Research Institute of Air Force ground test facility in Saki (Crimea) successfully conducted a unique experiment in the management of pre maneuvering and landing aircraft group consisting of two MiG-29 and one AN-24 simulator Yak-44E. Aircraft carried approach ramp. Privacy sketchy technical design and layout of the Yak-44E took place in January 1990. Basic characteristics plane substantially exceeded latest versions ship an E-2C "Hawkeye" - the world's only aircraft of this class with a catapult takeoff.

Construction of prototypes and serial production planned further implement the Tashkent Aviation Plant. Construction of the first flight model was launched in 1990. Cockpit and middle part of the fuselage was produced at the pilot plant OKB. Yakovlev, radome manufacturer engaged together with the Ulyanovsk APO wing - in Ulan-Ude. 1990 decided to fulfill the storage and transport of the Yak-44E on aircraft carriers using the simplified mass-size layout. Layout had to build on the basis of a secure in January 1990 design-layout process. In August 1990, the OKB finalize the layout. Layout was dismantled and moved to Sebastopol, where once again gathered aboard the heavy aircraft-carrying cruiser "Tbilisi". Work to assess the performance of the Yak-44E on board the cruiser conducted in a short time - during the first half of September 1990. In the course of these works were checked mooring and towing capabilities of the aircraft in the hangar and on the flight deck, rolling onto the platform and climb onto the deck, the descent into the hangar, installation on a regular place, pairing machine with technical support posts on the deck and in the hangar. Upon completion of work model airplane again moved to Yakovlev in Moscow.

In 1992, after the collapse of the Soviet Union, funding for the Yak-44E stopped at the stage of prototypes for testing. In anticipation of the MAKS-1995 was supposed to show the Yak-44E, but the Defense Ministry has banned


Radar picket aircraft Yak-44 was built by the normal aerodynamic scheme. In the embodiment deck aircraft had folding pylon radar antenna and folding wings console. Empennage double. Polumonokokkruglogo fuselage section. In fuselage equipped operating cabin operators compartment to stay for up to one person, an air-conditioned compartment of the equipment, refreshments and a bathroom. Wing trapezoidal in plan. Mechanization of the wing - along the trailing edge. Folding wing panel. To reduce the inductive reactance installed winglets. Chassis tricycle, with a nose strut, retractable. Fuel is placed in tanks, caissons in the stabilizer and wing root.

Initially, the Yak-44E is supposed to establish a combined power plant, which consisted of two propulsion turboprop engines placed under the wing and four lift turbojets located in the fuselage. Lifting engines were to be used only during takeoff and landing to reduce the rate of separation of the Yak-44E from the deck of an aircraft carrier and aircraft on landing approach.

At takeoff Yak-44E with this powerplant jumping calculated length of the runway was about 150-200 meters, the estimated cruising speed - 450 km / h, the duration of patrol - 5:00. RTC aircraft showed the enemy planes at a distance of 150 to 200 km from the aircraft carrier and induce them fighters. Detection was carried out surface targets at a distance of over 300 km. The crew of the aircraft - three people.

However, the accommodation in the fuselage of the Yak-44E 4-lift engine and significant fuel reserves hampered by plane layout RTK systems.

The final version (draft 1984) Yak-44E equipped with two engines Turbopropfan D-27 development Zaporozhye Machine-Building Design Bureau "Progress". According to its characteristics engine D-27 analogues in the world aircraft engine does not have. Application of these engines with increased thrust on take-off, as well as considering blowing wing, made it possible to provide a springboard beskatapultny start Yak-44E with aircraft carriers. Both key elements of the engine, determining the high technological level - gear and propfan - Russian production.

The choice of this engine for the Yak-44E is because at high subsonic cruising speeds, it has a better efficiency in comparison with modern turbofan engines. Also at takeoff D-27 provides better thrust and traction characteristics. Thrust was sufficient for takeoff from the springboard of heavy aircraft carrier "Admiral Kuznetsov" and increasing wing lift due to blowouts its surface.

These qualities are also important because based on the Yak-44E was supposed to create a family of aircraft and airfield shipborne with different cruising speeds. Throughout the range of data speeds D-27 has advantages over turbofan and turboprop engines.

Take-off power of the D-27 was 13880 hp each (according to other sources - to 14,000 hp), and cruising - for HP 6750 each. Engine length equal to 4198 millimeters. Weight without propfan - 1650 kg. Propfan diameter was 4.5 m Number of blades - 8 and 6. At cruising specific fuel consumption per hour was 0.17 kg / hp., And at cruising - from 0.13 to 0.143 kg / hp. per hour.

Ground tests turbovintoventilyatornog D-27 engine held in 1988, and in 1990 he underwent a complex research. To do this, the Air Force used LII flying laboratory Il-76LL. The D-27 is equipped with two-stage compressor, high-temperature combustion chamber (has a uniform temperature field TIT), three-shaft turbine (active control system has a radial clearances), small-size single-stage gearbox with integrated differential thrust meter, two-lane propfans CB-27, the electronic control system type FADEC. Reducer Turbopropfan D-27 engine developed ZMKB "Progress", the production was the Moscow Machine-Building Plant "Salute".

Propfan - High-Loaded a high speed supersonic propeller with scimitar-shaped blades large width. The main advantage of this screw - high efficiencies at high transonic flight speeds that are comparable to the efficiency conventional propeller at medium speeds. Propfan CB-27 is designed and manufactured SKBM (today JSC "NPP" Aerosil ""). CB-27-row, counter-rotating blades, vanes-reversible, coaxial, automatic, equipped with electric de-icing system fairing and blades. To manufacture blades of composite material used. The design provides a blade clamping replacement blades during operation. Hydromechanical control with an electronic controller provides control step propfan, rebuilding and maintaining speed on the electronic channel. Accuracy is ± 0,5%. Maximum speed - 1200 rpm.

Test D-27 with propfans, including the Yak-44E, carried on the plane - flying laboratory Yak-42E-LL single-engine D-236 which is a D-27 engine with reduced dimensionality. March 15, 1991 the first flight of the flying laboratory.

Complex equipment radar patrol aircraft Yak-44 includes the collection of information and information management systems, digital computing means, display systems and related control data exchange multiplex channel.

Radio systems with radar Omnidirection E-700 provides detection of air targets at a range of 150-200 km and surface targets - more than 300 km.

Flight complex provides continuous automatic determination of coordinates for information inertial correction for satellite data radio systems, long-range and short-range navigation. NCP provides formation and display information about the state of the aircraft and power plant parameters.

Integrated Management System provides automatic navigated in the vertical and horizontal planes, the programmed route, as well as automatic approach using signals deck or ground radio landing aids, stabilization target altitude, velocity, roll rate, pitch.

Meteonavigatsionnaya radar display provides information about the meteorological formations and issuing recommendations on the optimal route for their detour. Onboard automated control system provides control of technical condition and performance of systems and equipment during the flight of testing results with further transfer of data telemetry communication channels at station technical bases, control of operational constraints, forecasting technical condition, troubleshooting, accounting balance resource equipment and systems. wire control system - integrated analog-to-digital control system and the aircraft wing mechanization providing flight at different centering aircraft associated with the various options and refueling equipment .

Modification.
Yak-44E - Deck AEW built layout. Yak-44PLO - anti-submarine aircraft. Preliminary design of the aircraft, created no later than 1990. Engineering design was carried out. Planning to create a ship and base versions of the aircraft. Yak-44E ground - modification of aircraft airborne warning and control system for home airfield. It was supposed to deliver to the Air Force of the USSR. Aircraft project defended the fall of 1991. The plane significantly increased patrol, tactical and technical characteristics of the radio complex improved. Yak-44 patrol / border - modification for border control. Design of the aircraft in the work plan bureau there were until 1994. Yak-44 transport. Yak-44 life. Aircraft performance (flight data calculation): Length - 20.39 m Height - 5.7 m Wingspan - 25 70 m span with folded wings - 12.5 m Wing area - 88 m2. Fuselage diameter - 2.7 m diameter radome radar - 7.3 m Empty weight - 21200 kg. Maximum takeoff weight - 30400 kg . Engine Type - 2 Turbopropfan D-27 engine power - hp 2h4700 screw diameter - 4.5 m Fuel capacity - 10.5 t Maximum speed - 740 km / h Cruising speed - 700 km / h Range Ferry -> 4000 km. patrol speed - 500-650 km / h Height patrol - 3-11 km. Landing speed - 185 km / h Service ceiling - 13 km. zone angle, distance - miles. Area azimuth angle - 360 deg. Coverage area height - km. Target detection range: - air target with EPR 3m ² - 250 km; - cruise missile AGM-84 - 165 km; - cruise missile AGM-86 - 220 km. Number of simultaneously tracked targets - 150. altitude range detection of air targets - 5-30000 m Speed ​​Range detected targets - 40-3500 km / h Number of simultaneously tracked targets against the background of 1500 - 150. flight crew - 2 pers. Radiotechnical crew - 4 pers.

Adapted from : www.paralay.commilitaryrussia.ru www.airwar.ru alternathistory.org.ua
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Bentuknya tidak jauh berbeda dengan EC - Hawk Eye. Grumman, USA.
Kapan TNI - AL mempunyai pesawat sejenis paling tidak separo Skd.
(8 Unit). Mungkinkah dengan platform C - 295??
Sepertinya dalam kaitan ini perlu di pertimbangkan dalam waktu dekat!!!
Untuk masalah pertahanan tidak perlu menghitung untung rugi, so jangan risau atau terkendala dengan dukungan anggaran, dengan pendekatan diplomatik yg luwes dan cerdas, TNI memungkinkan mendapatkan pesawat seperti ini dari mana saja, tapi lebih bagus dari Russiya tentunya siapa tahu dapat "Hibah".
Russiya setrooong!!!!
Salam.