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Kesultanan Melaka mengalahkan Dai Viet di Lan Xang (Laos)
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Kesultanan Melaka mengalahkan Dai Viet di Lan Xang (Laos)
Artikel dalam English
MALACCA, THE STRONGEST MILITARY FORCE IN SOUTHEAST ASIA : 90 THOUSAND VIETNAMESE SOLDIERS DEFEATED IN BATTLE.
Did you know that the Sultanate of Malacca had argued and fought with the kingdom of Annam or the Dai Viet people, otherwise known as the “ Orang Kuci ” ? Yes, the strength and influence of Malay Malacca in Southeast Asia is more than what we expected.
Many doubted that Malacca was a powerful and influential kingdom, there are even some that assume that Malacca never existed. If the Sultanate of Malacca did not exist, then why are there many foreign journals and chronicles that speak of this kingdom ? Isn’t it weird ?
Around the year 1469 A.D, in the Chinese written accounts, it mentioned of a group of envoys or messengers that were on their way home to Malacca from China. On their way home, their ship was hit by a storm and were washed ashore (possibly to take shelter) on Vietnam. All of the crew members of the ship were either enslaved or killed and there were even some that were turned into eunuchs by the Vietnamese.
Hearing the unfortunate news that had befall on their envoys , Malacca had complained this to the Emperor of China around the year 1481. At first, Malacca did not want to act on their own to declare war on Vietnam as they knew that Vietnam was also a protectorate under China. A Malacca diplomat who goes by the name, Duan Ya Ma La Ni Cha (Tun Seri Nara Diraja), had also complained to the Emperor of China that Vietnam planned to attack and conquer Malacca.
When the Malacca diplomat arrived in the Emperor’s court, by coincidence, a Vietnamese diplomat was there as well. This meeting had caused an argument between the two about the crime that Vietnam had done to the unfortunate Malacca envoys before.
The two were stopped by one of the Defence Ministers of China who also advised them to forget this incident as this had occurred long ago.
Before the diplomats returned to their homeland, the Emperor of China sent a letter and condemned the actions of the Emperor of Vietnam and advised him to be good to his neighbouring countries and must reflect his actions.
The Emperor of China also ordered to the Malacca diplomat to be firm and prepare Malacca’s army if Vietnam were ever to attack Malacca.
According to history, the Emperor of Vietnam that was mentioned was Emperor Lê Thánh Tông (1460-1497). During his reign, his kingdom had conquered and spread all the way to the borders of Burma. Emperor Lê Thánh Tông was also believed to have attempted and attacked the Kingdom of Lanxang with a total of 90 thousand men, however, in one battle, they were defeated and retreated.
In the accounts and chronicles of Lanxang and Vietnam, it never mentioned the involvement of Malacca in the war between Lanxang and Vietnam, but the Chinese chronicles did. It was written that 90 thousand Vietnamese soldiers had attacked the Kingdom of Lanxang but were defeated and driven back by the army of Malacca and caused the Vietnamese to lose 30 thousand soldiers.
This account was written and recorded in the Ming Shilu Chronicles(China). Was this incident an action of response of Malacca to Vietnam after the crimes Vietnam had done to Malacca’s envoys before? The factor of Vietnam’s defeat in that battle was because of the fierce Malacca army.
'' According to Mao Qiling (Mansi hezhi, vol. 10, p. lb), Le Thanh-tong led 90,000 troops to invade Lan Sang but were chased by [the troops of] Malacca, and 30,000 soldiers died. It is hard to explain how this happened. ''
The recorded history above is from the works of Laichen Sun titled " Ming-Southeast Asian overland interactions, 1368-1644 ".
Assuming that Malacca needed to cross the countries/kingdoms of Cambodia or Ayutthaya (Siam) to reach the kingdom of Lanxang, thus, it can be concluded that either one of these kingdoms gave the rights of passage for Malacca’s army to reach the Kingdom of Lanxang. The reason why either one of these kingdoms gave the right of passage to Malacca’s army was possibly because Vietnam’s Empire was a threat to them and feared that Vietnam would continue to expand its kingdom and conquer other kingdoms under the reign of Emperor Lê Thánh Tông. This defeat in battle had destroyed Emperor Lê Thánh Tông’s dream to expand his empire and had proven Malacca as a powerful kingdom above all the other kingdoms in Southeast Asia. Vietnam’s population and Military strength was far more superior compared to Malacca, but was defeated in the end by Malacca. I believe that this victory was achieved with the help of Malacca’s vassals, the Kingdom of Ayutthaya and the Kingdom of Lanxang.
In the Sulalatus Salatin(The Malay Annals), it mentioned a messenger of Malacca was sent to Siam. In this incident, the King of Siam had asked for help from Malacca to declare war on their enemy in the province of “ sebelah matahari jatuh atau barat ” (where the sun sets or West).
However, Tun Telanai made a trick to make the Siamese to declare war with an enemy which lies at the province of “ kedudukan matahari naik atau timur ” (position of where the sun rises or East).
If we look into the maps of the old Southeast Asian kingdoms, the kingdom of Lanxang is in the East, which is modern day Laos. In the written history of the kingdom of Vietnam, the Kingdom of Ayutthaya (Siam) was once conquered and placed under the influence of Vietnam for a few times under the reign of Emperor Le Than Thong.
Was this incident of where Malacca successfully drove off 90 thousand Vietnamese soldiers that attacked the Kingdom of Lanxang the same incident that stated in the Chinese chronicles? Wallah hu 'lam, I do not have the precise answer.
However, what are true is the relations between Malacca with the Indochina kingdoms or the Kingdom of Lanxang is not new and is no coincidence.
The Malays from the peninsular had settled in mainland Southeast Asia for a long time and did not originate from Sumatera. A large portion of these Malays are in Indochina and Segenting Kra, and they built civilizations in their city states.
The Malays that founded the Langkasuka kingdom are not the Malays from Sumatera. The Kingdom of Langkasuka has connections with the Kingdom of Funan, and the Malays from the ancient Peninsular Malaysia had also made relations with the Khmer, Pyu, Mon, Burma and Dai-Viet, Lao and Tai people.
Most of the Malays from the peninsular come from Indochina, Segenting Kra and all the way from North Malaysia. That is why we see the people of Kedah-Perlis and Kelantan-Pattani has an amazingly similar and unique accent.
Back to the Kingdom of Lanxang, in the Malay Hikayat : Hikayat Merong Mahawangsa, it tells the story of a newly founded kingdom in Indochina. What is intriguing is that the kingdom’s name is Siam Lancang, the pronunciation and name of Lancang from Siam Lancang is not the same as the Kingdom of Lanxang as mentioned earlier.
The Kingdom of Siam Lancang was founded by Raja Merong Mahapudisat’s eldest son with Pra Chisim and his wife, Nang Sutaman, the ruler of “ gergasi ” otherwise known as giants in Malay. To me, the name “ gergasi ” is a title given to the Malays during that time who were more savage or barbaric, just as how the Chinese during their Imperial rule who call all foreigners as barbarians or ghosts.
It was mentioned in Hikayat Merong Mahawangsa that :
" Setelah didengarnya oleh Raja Merong Mahapudisat sembah menteri itu," Jikalau demikian hendaklah saudara kerahkan segala kaum gergasi himpun sekaliannya dan panggil penghulu Pra Chisim dan penghulu Nang Sutaman itu ke mari,kita beri ia pergi bersama-sama anak kita dan orang kita Melayu,setengah kita suroh pergi bersama anak kita yang tua ini kita hantarkan ka hulu di sebelah utara barat laut.Maka tanah bumi itu lanjut jauh jua perjalanannya "
" ...Maka di situlah sekalian berbuat istana dengan kota parit serta dihimpunkan segala orang yang duduk bertaboran pechah belah itu. Maka di satukan sekaliannya, maka menjadi besarlah. Maka dinamai negeri itu Siam Lancang, tempat membuat kota istana itu.. "
It was also mentioned in Hikayat Merong Mahawangsa that the journey from the North of the Peninsular to Siam Lancang took 200 days or 6 months (by foot).
In my opinion, the length of journey is logical and reasonable as they had to go through jungles and hills in the middle of mainland Southeast Asia with a large number of followers. I am convinced that the Kingdom of Lanxang that was founded in the year 1354 A.D is the same ancient kingdom of Siam Lancang in Hikayat Merong Mahawangsa.
What is more interesting is that the first king of Lanxang, Fa Ngum was given the title “ Phragna Fah-La-Thorani Sisatanakanahud ”. This title is actually the Lao pronunciation “Pongna Prah Dharnindra Sri Santan Naga Nahud” in Sanskrit.
The title “ Sri Santan Naga ” is also from the title given to the Malay kings in Champa! A Malay Champa king named Simha Jayavarnam wore the title “ Sri Siantan ”.
Even in Laos there is a place called Champasak. This shows that a province of Laos or Lanxang had been under and settled by the Malays before the arrival of Fa Ngum.
It could be possible that Fa Ngum had founded the Kingdom of Lanxang after defeating the last Malay king of Siam Lancang. This is also because during that period, the Kingdom of Sukhtoi was also expanding its influence as it conquered the Mon-Khmer and Malay states around Siam.
As usual, the culture of the early Tai states followed or went through an assimilation process in its conquered lands. To know the real culture of the Tai people, we must study the culture of the Zhuang ethnic in China and the Shan ethnic in Myanmar.
The Tai culture is actually the ethnic hill people culture which originate from middle China and not as what we see in Laos and Thailand now.
So, since we know the ancient history of the Malays in Indochina, we won’t feel surprised or doubt Malacca’s ability to mobilize its army to Laos and defeat the once powerful Vietnamese army. That is all.
Interesting, is it not ?
MALACCA, THE STRONGEST MILITARY FORCE IN SOUTHEAST ASIA : 90 THOUSAND VIETNAMESE SOLDIERS DEFEATED IN BATTLE.
Did you know that the Sultanate of Malacca had argued and fought with the kingdom of Annam or the Dai Viet people, otherwise known as the “ Orang Kuci ” ? Yes, the strength and influence of Malay Malacca in Southeast Asia is more than what we expected.
Many doubted that Malacca was a powerful and influential kingdom, there are even some that assume that Malacca never existed. If the Sultanate of Malacca did not exist, then why are there many foreign journals and chronicles that speak of this kingdom ? Isn’t it weird ?
Around the year 1469 A.D, in the Chinese written accounts, it mentioned of a group of envoys or messengers that were on their way home to Malacca from China. On their way home, their ship was hit by a storm and were washed ashore (possibly to take shelter) on Vietnam. All of the crew members of the ship were either enslaved or killed and there were even some that were turned into eunuchs by the Vietnamese.
Hearing the unfortunate news that had befall on their envoys , Malacca had complained this to the Emperor of China around the year 1481. At first, Malacca did not want to act on their own to declare war on Vietnam as they knew that Vietnam was also a protectorate under China. A Malacca diplomat who goes by the name, Duan Ya Ma La Ni Cha (Tun Seri Nara Diraja), had also complained to the Emperor of China that Vietnam planned to attack and conquer Malacca.
When the Malacca diplomat arrived in the Emperor’s court, by coincidence, a Vietnamese diplomat was there as well. This meeting had caused an argument between the two about the crime that Vietnam had done to the unfortunate Malacca envoys before.
The two were stopped by one of the Defence Ministers of China who also advised them to forget this incident as this had occurred long ago.
Before the diplomats returned to their homeland, the Emperor of China sent a letter and condemned the actions of the Emperor of Vietnam and advised him to be good to his neighbouring countries and must reflect his actions.
The Emperor of China also ordered to the Malacca diplomat to be firm and prepare Malacca’s army if Vietnam were ever to attack Malacca.
According to history, the Emperor of Vietnam that was mentioned was Emperor Lê Thánh Tông (1460-1497). During his reign, his kingdom had conquered and spread all the way to the borders of Burma. Emperor Lê Thánh Tông was also believed to have attempted and attacked the Kingdom of Lanxang with a total of 90 thousand men, however, in one battle, they were defeated and retreated.
In the accounts and chronicles of Lanxang and Vietnam, it never mentioned the involvement of Malacca in the war between Lanxang and Vietnam, but the Chinese chronicles did. It was written that 90 thousand Vietnamese soldiers had attacked the Kingdom of Lanxang but were defeated and driven back by the army of Malacca and caused the Vietnamese to lose 30 thousand soldiers.
This account was written and recorded in the Ming Shilu Chronicles(China). Was this incident an action of response of Malacca to Vietnam after the crimes Vietnam had done to Malacca’s envoys before? The factor of Vietnam’s defeat in that battle was because of the fierce Malacca army.
'' According to Mao Qiling (Mansi hezhi, vol. 10, p. lb), Le Thanh-tong led 90,000 troops to invade Lan Sang but were chased by [the troops of] Malacca, and 30,000 soldiers died. It is hard to explain how this happened. ''
The recorded history above is from the works of Laichen Sun titled " Ming-Southeast Asian overland interactions, 1368-1644 ".
Assuming that Malacca needed to cross the countries/kingdoms of Cambodia or Ayutthaya (Siam) to reach the kingdom of Lanxang, thus, it can be concluded that either one of these kingdoms gave the rights of passage for Malacca’s army to reach the Kingdom of Lanxang. The reason why either one of these kingdoms gave the right of passage to Malacca’s army was possibly because Vietnam’s Empire was a threat to them and feared that Vietnam would continue to expand its kingdom and conquer other kingdoms under the reign of Emperor Lê Thánh Tông. This defeat in battle had destroyed Emperor Lê Thánh Tông’s dream to expand his empire and had proven Malacca as a powerful kingdom above all the other kingdoms in Southeast Asia. Vietnam’s population and Military strength was far more superior compared to Malacca, but was defeated in the end by Malacca. I believe that this victory was achieved with the help of Malacca’s vassals, the Kingdom of Ayutthaya and the Kingdom of Lanxang.
In the Sulalatus Salatin(The Malay Annals), it mentioned a messenger of Malacca was sent to Siam. In this incident, the King of Siam had asked for help from Malacca to declare war on their enemy in the province of “ sebelah matahari jatuh atau barat ” (where the sun sets or West).
However, Tun Telanai made a trick to make the Siamese to declare war with an enemy which lies at the province of “ kedudukan matahari naik atau timur ” (position of where the sun rises or East).
If we look into the maps of the old Southeast Asian kingdoms, the kingdom of Lanxang is in the East, which is modern day Laos. In the written history of the kingdom of Vietnam, the Kingdom of Ayutthaya (Siam) was once conquered and placed under the influence of Vietnam for a few times under the reign of Emperor Le Than Thong.
Was this incident of where Malacca successfully drove off 90 thousand Vietnamese soldiers that attacked the Kingdom of Lanxang the same incident that stated in the Chinese chronicles? Wallah hu 'lam, I do not have the precise answer.
However, what are true is the relations between Malacca with the Indochina kingdoms or the Kingdom of Lanxang is not new and is no coincidence.
The Malays from the peninsular had settled in mainland Southeast Asia for a long time and did not originate from Sumatera. A large portion of these Malays are in Indochina and Segenting Kra, and they built civilizations in their city states.
The Malays that founded the Langkasuka kingdom are not the Malays from Sumatera. The Kingdom of Langkasuka has connections with the Kingdom of Funan, and the Malays from the ancient Peninsular Malaysia had also made relations with the Khmer, Pyu, Mon, Burma and Dai-Viet, Lao and Tai people.
Most of the Malays from the peninsular come from Indochina, Segenting Kra and all the way from North Malaysia. That is why we see the people of Kedah-Perlis and Kelantan-Pattani has an amazingly similar and unique accent.
Back to the Kingdom of Lanxang, in the Malay Hikayat : Hikayat Merong Mahawangsa, it tells the story of a newly founded kingdom in Indochina. What is intriguing is that the kingdom’s name is Siam Lancang, the pronunciation and name of Lancang from Siam Lancang is not the same as the Kingdom of Lanxang as mentioned earlier.
The Kingdom of Siam Lancang was founded by Raja Merong Mahapudisat’s eldest son with Pra Chisim and his wife, Nang Sutaman, the ruler of “ gergasi ” otherwise known as giants in Malay. To me, the name “ gergasi ” is a title given to the Malays during that time who were more savage or barbaric, just as how the Chinese during their Imperial rule who call all foreigners as barbarians or ghosts.
It was mentioned in Hikayat Merong Mahawangsa that :
" Setelah didengarnya oleh Raja Merong Mahapudisat sembah menteri itu," Jikalau demikian hendaklah saudara kerahkan segala kaum gergasi himpun sekaliannya dan panggil penghulu Pra Chisim dan penghulu Nang Sutaman itu ke mari,kita beri ia pergi bersama-sama anak kita dan orang kita Melayu,setengah kita suroh pergi bersama anak kita yang tua ini kita hantarkan ka hulu di sebelah utara barat laut.Maka tanah bumi itu lanjut jauh jua perjalanannya "
" ...Maka di situlah sekalian berbuat istana dengan kota parit serta dihimpunkan segala orang yang duduk bertaboran pechah belah itu. Maka di satukan sekaliannya, maka menjadi besarlah. Maka dinamai negeri itu Siam Lancang, tempat membuat kota istana itu.. "
It was also mentioned in Hikayat Merong Mahawangsa that the journey from the North of the Peninsular to Siam Lancang took 200 days or 6 months (by foot).
In my opinion, the length of journey is logical and reasonable as they had to go through jungles and hills in the middle of mainland Southeast Asia with a large number of followers. I am convinced that the Kingdom of Lanxang that was founded in the year 1354 A.D is the same ancient kingdom of Siam Lancang in Hikayat Merong Mahawangsa.
What is more interesting is that the first king of Lanxang, Fa Ngum was given the title “ Phragna Fah-La-Thorani Sisatanakanahud ”. This title is actually the Lao pronunciation “Pongna Prah Dharnindra Sri Santan Naga Nahud” in Sanskrit.
The title “ Sri Santan Naga ” is also from the title given to the Malay kings in Champa! A Malay Champa king named Simha Jayavarnam wore the title “ Sri Siantan ”.
Even in Laos there is a place called Champasak. This shows that a province of Laos or Lanxang had been under and settled by the Malays before the arrival of Fa Ngum.
It could be possible that Fa Ngum had founded the Kingdom of Lanxang after defeating the last Malay king of Siam Lancang. This is also because during that period, the Kingdom of Sukhtoi was also expanding its influence as it conquered the Mon-Khmer and Malay states around Siam.
As usual, the culture of the early Tai states followed or went through an assimilation process in its conquered lands. To know the real culture of the Tai people, we must study the culture of the Zhuang ethnic in China and the Shan ethnic in Myanmar.
The Tai culture is actually the ethnic hill people culture which originate from middle China and not as what we see in Laos and Thailand now.
So, since we know the ancient history of the Malays in Indochina, we won’t feel surprised or doubt Malacca’s ability to mobilize its army to Laos and defeat the once powerful Vietnamese army. That is all.
Interesting, is it not ?
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